在这项工作中，我们提出了一种基于从Marmoset猴的大脑收集的局部场潜在数据，提出了与帕金森病相关的新生物物理计算模型。帕金森病是一种神经退行性疾病，与大量NIGRA PARSCACTCA的多巴胺能神经元的死亡有关，这影响了大脑基底神经节 - 丘脑 - 皮质神经元电路的正常动态。尽管存在多种疾病的机制，但仍然缺少这些机制和分子发病机制的完整描述，仍然没有治愈。为了解决这种差距，已经提出了类似于动物模型中发现的神经生物学方面的计算模型。在我们的模型中，我们执行了一种数据驱动方法，其中使用差分演变优化了一组生物学限制参数。进化模型成功地类似于来自健康和Parkinsonian Marmoset脑数据的单神经元均值射击和局部场势的光谱签名。据我们所知，这是帕金森病的第一个基于来自Marmoset Monkeys的七个脑区域的同时电生理学记录的第一个计算模型。结果表明，该拟议的模型可以促进PD机制的调查，并支持可以表明新疗法的技术的发展。它还可以应用于其他计算神经科学问题，其中可以使用生物数据来适应大规模模型的脑电路。

We describe a Physics-Informed Neural Network (PINN) that simulates the flow induced by the astronomical tide in a synthetic port channel, with dimensions based on the Santos - S\~ao Vicente - Bertioga Estuarine System. PINN models aim to combine the knowledge of physical systems and data-driven machine learning models. This is done by training a neural network to minimize the residuals of the governing equations in sample points. In this work, our flow is governed by the Navier-Stokes equations with some approximations. There are two main novelties in this paper. First, we design our model to assume that the flow is periodic in time, which is not feasible in conventional simulation methods. Second, we evaluate the benefit of resampling the function evaluation points during training, which has a near zero computational cost and has been verified to improve the final model, especially for small batch sizes. Finally, we discuss some limitations of the approximations used in the Navier-Stokes equations regarding the modeling of turbulence and how it interacts with PINNs.

代理商必须连续监视其伴侣的情感状态，以了解和参与社交互动。但是，评估情感识别的方法不能说明在情感状态之间的阻塞或过渡期间可能发生的分类绩效的变化。本文解决了在婴儿机器人相互作用的背景下影响分类表现的时间模式，在这种情况下，婴儿的情感状态有助于他们参与治疗性腿部运动活动的能力。为了支持视频记录中面部遮挡的鲁棒性，我们训练了婴儿使用面部和身体功能的识别分类器。接下来，我们对表现最佳模型进行了深入的分析，以评估随着模型遇到丢失的数据和不断变化的婴儿影响，性能如何随时间变化。在高度信心提取功能的时间窗口期间，经过训练的面部功能的单峰模型与在面部和身体特征训练的多模式模型相同的最佳性能。但是，在整个数据集上评估时，多模型模型的表现优于单峰模型。此外，在预测情感状态过渡并在对同一情感状态进行多个预测后改善时，模型性能是最弱的。这些发现强调了将身体特征纳入婴儿的连续影响识别的好处。我们的工作强调了随着时间的流逝和在存在丢失的数据的存在时，评估模型性能变异性的重要性。

研究人员通常会采用数值方法来理解和预测海洋动力学，这是掌握环境现象的关键任务。在地形图很复杂，有关基础过程的知识不完整或应用程序至关重要的情况下，此类方法可能不适合。另一方面，如果观察到海洋动力学，则可以通过最近的机器学习方法来利用它们。在本文中，我们描述了一种数据驱动的方法，可以预测环境变量，例如巴西东南海岸的Santos-Sao Vicente-Bertioga estuarine系统的当前速度和海面高度。我们的模型通过连接最新的序列模型（LSTM和Transformers）以及关系模型（图神经网络）来利用时间和空间归纳偏见，以学习时间特征和空间特征，观察站点之间共享的关系。我们将结果与桑托斯运营预测系统（SOFS）进行比较。实验表明，我们的模型可以实现更好的结果，同时保持灵活性和很少的领域知识依赖性。

Delimiting salt inclusions from migrated images is a time-consuming activity that relies on highly human-curated analysis and is subject to interpretation errors or limitations of the methods available. We propose to use migrated images produced from an inaccurate velocity model (with a reasonable approximation of sediment velocity, but without salt inclusions) to predict the correct salt inclusions shape using a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). Our approach relies on subsurface Common Image Gathers to focus the sediments' reflections around the zero offset and to spread the energy of salt reflections over large offsets. Using synthetic data, we trained a U-Net to use common-offset subsurface images as input channels for the CNN and the correct salt-masks as network output. The network learned to predict the salt inclusions masks with high accuracy; moreover, it also performed well when applied to synthetic benchmark data sets that were not previously introduced. Our training process tuned the U-Net to successfully learn the shape of complex salt bodies from partially focused subsurface offset images.

The recent increase in public and academic interest in preserving biodiversity has led to the growth of the field of conservation technology. This field involves designing and constructing tools that utilize technology to aid in the conservation of wildlife. In this article, we will use case studies to demonstrate the importance of designing conservation tools with human-wildlife interaction in mind and provide a framework for creating successful tools. These case studies include a range of complexities, from simple cat collars to machine learning and game theory methodologies. Our goal is to introduce and inform current and future researchers in the field of conservation technology and provide references for educating the next generation of conservation technologists. Conservation technology not only has the potential to benefit biodiversity but also has broader impacts on fields such as sustainability and environmental protection. By using innovative technologies to address conservation challenges, we can find more effective and efficient solutions to protect and preserve our planet's resources.

A Digital Twin (DT) is a simulation of a physical system that provides information to make decisions that add economic, social or commercial value. The behaviour of a physical system changes over time, a DT must therefore be continually updated with data from the physical systems to reflect its changing behaviour. For resource-constrained systems, updating a DT is non-trivial because of challenges such as on-board learning and the off-board data transfer. This paper presents a framework for updating data-driven DTs of resource-constrained systems geared towards system health monitoring. The proposed solution consists of: (1) an on-board system running a light-weight DT allowing the prioritisation and parsimonious transfer of data generated by the physical system; and (2) off-board robust updating of the DT and detection of anomalous behaviours. Two case studies are considered using a production gas turbine engine system to demonstrate the digital representation accuracy for real-world, time-varying physical systems.

We consider infinite horizon Markov decision processes (MDPs) with fast-slow structure, meaning that certain parts of the state space move "fast" (and in a sense, are more influential) while other parts transition more "slowly." Such structure is common in real-world problems where sequential decisions need to be made at high frequencies, yet information that varies at a slower timescale also influences the optimal policy. Examples include: (1) service allocation for a multi-class queue with (slowly varying) stochastic costs, (2) a restless multi-armed bandit with an environmental state, and (3) energy demand response, where both day-ahead and real-time prices play a role in the firm's revenue. Models that fully capture these problems often result in MDPs with large state spaces and large effective time horizons (due to frequent decisions), rendering them computationally intractable. We propose an approximate dynamic programming algorithmic framework based on the idea of "freezing" the slow states, solving a set of simpler finite-horizon MDPs (the lower-level MDPs), and applying value iteration (VI) to an auxiliary MDP that transitions on a slower timescale (the upper-level MDP). We also extend the technique to a function approximation setting, where a feature-based linear architecture is used. On the theoretical side, we analyze the regret incurred by each variant of our frozen-state approach. Finally, we give empirical evidence that the frozen-state approach generates effective policies using just a fraction of the computational cost, while illustrating that simply omitting slow states from the decision modeling is often not a viable heuristic.

While the capabilities of autonomous systems have been steadily improving in recent years, these systems still struggle to rapidly explore previously unknown environments without the aid of GPS-assisted navigation. The DARPA Subterranean (SubT) Challenge aimed to fast track the development of autonomous exploration systems by evaluating their performance in real-world underground search-and-rescue scenarios. Subterranean environments present a plethora of challenges for robotic systems, such as limited communications, complex topology, visually-degraded sensing, and harsh terrain. The presented solution enables long-term autonomy with minimal human supervision by combining a powerful and independent single-agent autonomy stack, with higher level mission management operating over a flexible mesh network. The autonomy suite deployed on quadruped and wheeled robots was fully independent, freeing the human supervision to loosely supervise the mission and make high-impact strategic decisions. We also discuss lessons learned from fielding our system at the SubT Final Event, relating to vehicle versatility, system adaptability, and re-configurable communications.

Machine learning is the dominant approach to artificial intelligence, through which computers learn from data and experience. In the framework of supervised learning, for a computer to learn from data accurately and efficiently, some auxiliary information about the data distribution and target function should be provided to it through the learning model. This notion of auxiliary information relates to the concept of regularization in statistical learning theory. A common feature among real-world datasets is that data domains are multiscale and target functions are well-behaved and smooth. In this paper, we propose a learning model that exploits this multiscale data structure and discuss its statistical and computational benefits. The hierarchical learning model is inspired by the logical and progressive easy-to-hard learning mechanism of human beings and has interpretable levels. The model apportions computational resources according to the complexity of data instances and target functions. This property can have multiple benefits, including higher inference speed and computational savings in training a model for many users or when training is interrupted. We provide a statistical analysis of the learning mechanism using multiscale entropies and show that it can yield significantly stronger guarantees than uniform convergence bounds.